The foods eaten by the people of Lesotho

Lesotho is a landlocked country entirely surrounded by South Africa. Its culinary history is deeply influenced by both its native Basotho culture and its geographic location within South Africa. Over the past 500 years, the diet has been mostly based on grains, vegetables, and animal products, which reflects both the agrarian lifestyle and the resources available in its mostly highland terrain. Here is an overview of some foods and dishes that have been integral to Lesotho cuisine:

Staple Foods

1. Maize: The cornerstone of most meals, often ground into mealie-meal for porridge-like dishes.
2. Sorghum and Millet: These grains are used for brewing traditional beer and can be made into porridge.
3. Beans and Legumes: Commonly consumed as a source of protein.

Proteins

1. Mutton and Goat: Widely consumed, often in stews or roasted.
2. Chicken: Another popular meat, often stewed or occasionally grilled.
3. Cattle Meat: Less frequent but still consumed, especially during celebrations.
4. Fish: Less common due to the landlocked nature of the country, but still consumed.

Vegetables and Tubers

1. Spinach and Morogo: Wild greens often used in stews.
2. Potatoes: Eaten in various forms—boiled, mashed, or fried.
3. Cabbage: Often cooked until tender and served as a side dish.

Seasonings and Spices

1. Garlic and Onions: Basic ingredients for many dishes.
2. Salt and Pepper: The most commonly used seasonings.
3. Chilies: Sometimes used to add heat to dishes.

Traditional Dishes

1. Papa or Sadza: A porridge made from maize meal, served as a staple with meat and vegetables.
2. Motoho: A fermented porridge often consumed as a breakfast dish.
3. Lekhotlo: A meat stew often flavored simply with salt and boiling oil.
4. Seswaa: A dish of boiled meat and maize meal, traditionally prepared for special occasions.

Sweets and Snacks

1. Fruits: Such as apples and peaches, depending on the season.
2. Biscuits and Bread: Influenced by British cuisine, often served as snacks.

Beverages

1. Joala: Traditional beer made from fermented sorghum or maize.
2. Mineral Water: Lesotho is known for its high-quality natural spring water.
3. Tea and Coffee: Consumed but not as traditional; influenced by European habits.

Foreign Influences and Modern Foods

1. South African Influence: Due to its proximity to South Africa, foods like boerewors (a type of sausage) and biltong (dried, cured meat) are also popular.
2. British Influence: The British colonial presence has left a mark, with foods like bread and tea being incorporated into the diet.
3. Modern Cuisine: Western foods like pizza, burgers, and fried chicken are becoming increasingly popular, especially in urban areas.

In summary, the traditional food of Lesotho is hearty and filling, designed to provide sustenance for a primarily agrarian and pastoral lifestyle. It reflects both the country's indigenous cultural practices and the influences of neighboring South Africa. With globalization, there's a gradual introduction of a wider variety of foods, especially in urban centers.